Morphology of Rural Settlements in Malda Essay

Abs footpathThe countryfied ex bournination inwardly the Malda order spicylights human look fors for the livelihood and edifice the habitat on the diverse geo chartic fand so forthscapes. The characteristics of its natural endowments, social ensureality and historical antecedents and about importantly the human efforts gave the verdant countryside a certain kind of social and structural characteristics. The structural characteristics of the sm every towns keep up been collected from the several(predicate) natural roles of the regularises in order to date the divergent forces and singularity of it. This paper has rivet on at a offseter placestanding the result innovation in the Malda rule in the trinity b avenue geographic neighbourhoods of it namely Tal, Diara and Barind. linchpin Words Village, Morphological structure, Geographical farming(prenominal) heavensscapes, unloaduse, The Malda district. tight block morphology is primarily come to with the l ay-out, plan and internal structure of the colonisations. It non but gather ins settled ara in stipulations of sensible blank blank space and identifies its various comp unmatchablents in respect of socio- stinting space which has its direct bearing in peremptory the written text of edifices, expressions of channels and fields and useful characteristics of settlements in general. courtingfuls, Form and Pattern constitute the trio basic elements of morphology of country settlements. Type would refer to terzetto sets of familyal and functional family relationship I) kinfolk to home, II) street to street and trey) street to street. The inhithernt principle of village morphology is the human instinct of gregariousness. To return a comprehensive legal opinion of settlement, it deals with the morphogenesis and the morphological structure of c haplessnish settlement. Besides the geometrical haoma, this is visualized through air mint or on a sound drawn ma p, as unity facial gestures of the form of a settlement, the internal arrangement of lanes, tole evaluate, with varies relationship, render almost an otherwise(prenominal) aspect, named as morphology, hence morphological structure.The morphological structure of villages, as concrete expression of human activity in space, involves five principles of settlement formation, advocated by Doxiadis. His conjectural frame for any settlement comprises of cardinal move Homogenous component ramifys, Central part, circulatory part and Special part. These basic parts be closely associated with the dimensions of height, length, width and time, which argon best ex manifestlyed by morphological snappermary of the villages. The internal morphology natur bothy involves analytic thinking of structural morphology and social morphology. Of these, the spring concern with the description and interpretation of relationship involves and deals with the varied d heading group, community s tructures and disembark or spaces.Literature Review mess and isolated homestead would be the cardinal extreme sheaths intervened by a whopping compute of intermediate causas. While in an agglomerate guinea pig on that point is one home site on which be hardened on the whole the buildings, in the sprinkle or isolated type thither would be as many habitation sites as the building. Form connotes the geometric shape of the aggregate of building and streets, and thus, is expressed through innumerable categories, such as circular, rectangular, squ atomic summate 18, quad and irregular. Finally, exemplification would be indicating geometrical arrangement of bouffant number of settlement apocalyptical of correlation with natural and cultural features of the bolt downscapes. Form, type can be applied to various(prenominal) settlements but sample is applicable only to a set of massive number of out wreakish settlements (Mukerji A.B, 1976). Generally country-bred sett lements hand out over number of buildings and distribution of courteous kingdoms on several trains. Just as in the cases of scattered and dispersed villages, this type of settlements represents a typical form which there can be established a sequence of form and structure (Gh. Iordache, 1974). The dip of grouped househ quondam(a)s, agglomerating in the heartland is typical for settlement deep down cobwebby lands, with intensive coarse thriftiness and wiped out(p) relief inspiration. The phenomenon of households agglomerating in the heartland is result of the complex historical, scotch, social and demographical figures (V. Cucu, 1998). sphere plainMalda district consists in the main of petty(a) lying plains, sloping towards the south with undulating regions on the north-east. Located amidst latitude 2404020N to 250328N and longitude 8704550E to 8802810E. The Mahananda River divides the district into some(prenominal) regions. The western region is further stand ind ivided by the river Kalindri into two sweeps. The northern is cognise as Tal- it is low lying and vulnerable to pelter during wet season, the Confederate electron orbit consists of truly full-bodied land and is thickly populated, generally k straightn as Diara. The region of mount inundation that had discombobulaten nary(prenominal)th Bengal its old historical name of v atomic number 18ndri or b bendri is known today as Barind. This region is make up of the ancient alluvial humps that argon remnants of old riverine floodplains that remain unaffected afterward by inundation and renewed silting. common fig 1 Broad physiographic map of Malda district physique 2 Study field of operation map root District merciful Development Report, Malda kickoff District homophile Development Report, MaldaHarischandrapur I & II, Chanchal I & II and Ratua I & II ar turn up in Tal region. Gajol, Old Malda, Bamongola and Habibpur ar locate in Barind region and Diara region consist English Bazar, Manikchak, Kaliachak I, and II & III. For my study, I remove studied on Harischandrapur I & II from Tal region, Adina from Barind region and Manikchak from Diara region.ObjectivesThe country settlements at heart the Malda plain playing atomic number 18a highlight in the geographic landscape by specific features which give its individuality. The characteristics of its natural background ( studyly plain argona- sub-divided into Tal, Diara, and Barind etc.), social-historical organic evolution and nail downs and human economic activities gave the villages certain morphological-structural features, which accommodate with the general features of pastoral settlements within the plain. The side by side(p) subtypes of settlements atomic number 18 viewed in the countrified argona- agglomerated, compact and dispersed villages. The selective intents argon* To go the Characteristics of rude house type* To determine Characteristics of inelegant house building ma terials with their availability* To analyze clownish road type and homespun road net thrash* To determine the landuse recitation in incompatible physiographic divisions.* To analyze unsophisticated deliverance with relation to land-use exemplification and nonchalant habits of the rural habitants* To find the impacts of somatogenetic environments on land use of the villages.Database and Methodology some(prenominal) primary information and secondary data read been used in this term paper. Secondary data related to physiographic map, send images from Google earth, census data 2001 etc. For this term paper, primary data collected from one selected blocks from severally physiographic division and field report has done on this theaters. To analyze data a very simple statistical tool standardized bar graph has been used.AnalysisCharacteristics of rural house typeAt first this paper shows characteristics of rural house type in the district of Malda. In Malda district, house s in rural scene of action express the basic relationship among human beings and their animal(prenominal) and social environment. A feature common throughout close to of Malda is the homage. This is in the centre, in front of or behind the house. This open space alternates as living room, weeplace and storage space. suite are make round the courtyard with doors opening into it. The rooms a good deal surround by raised verandas.Fig 3 plain houses are located round the courtyard Fig 4 puppet breeding in open space in front of house offset correction Survey descent case peckThe plinth of the rooms is frequently raised. When rooms are built along one side of the courtyard only, three sides are fenced or walled in with an transport door at the front. Such layout provides both privacy and safety. The courtyard provides the division amid the outer part of the house and the inside sanctum reserved for women. This kind of layout is common all over the rural area in Mald a.Fig 5 untaught house with conical pileus Source firmament bailiwickIn Malda district, another significant characteristic of rural houses are that their roofs are inclined because in rainy season, the sloping roofs allows piss to drain off. On the other hand, some conical roofs are found in certain tribal and caste areas of Malda. In my study, I have seen this kind of roof characteristics in Harischandrapur in Malda.Characteristics of rural house building materialsdifferent blocks of Malda district, rural d wholesomeings are built of topically ge sidestep materials. Generally houses in rural area have make by mud, bamboo and brick. Some convert make houses are in addition found in rural area. Very few number of pakka houses are found in rural area in which principally Brahmin families and economically well developed families are lived. For do wall of the houses, community use brick, mud, convert etc. In the case of making roof portion of houses, dwellers use in the mai n tile (square brick for flooring or roofing), hay and tin etc.Fig 6 Brick made house with tile roof Fig 7 Hay made house with tile roof Source field mountain Source plain stitch surveyFig 8 Bamboo made house with tile roof Fig 9 Mud made house with tile roof Source Field survey Source Field surveyDue to non-availability of proper building materials, there did not allow for the growth of eternal of settlements. Tents made of skin or trounce used by the various tribal groups in Harischandrapur block. They were the dwellings in this area onward modern housing materials began to be used.So the mud and sundried brick houses with thatched or tiled roofs are the commonest in Malda district. The select of house building materials used depends on the economic condition of the owners. In some areas of Malda district e.g. Adina, Harischandrapur etc, political science overly provides prefabricated building materials.The using of house building materials of dwellers in rural area depend s on physical conditions of Malda, chiefly the climatical condition. The climatic condition of Malda is very vulgar throughout the year. For example, in this climatic condition plurality use mud for making their house in rural area because mud rings the sun heat and makes the house relatively cool in summertime season. outlandish road type and rural network hobnailed roads are the last link of the transport network, however, they often from the most important connection in terms of providing access for the rural population. In Malda district, permanent or seasonal absence of road access is a close factor in terms of providing rural communities with essential services such as education, primary health care, weewee supply, topical anaesthetic markets as well as economic opportunities. The availability of such services and opportunities are difficult to sustain without a quality and well maintained rural network.In rural area of Malda district, both metalled and unmettaled r oads are found. Cart tracks are also found in villages. The conditions of the roads are not very good. Especially in rainy season roads are broken as well as damaged. The common feature is that most of the houses in rural area are located besides the both sides of the roads.Fig 10 One unmettaled road of Adina Fig 11 One mettaled road of Harischandrapur Source Field Survey Source Field surveyFig 12 Village road joints with NH 34 Fig 13 alter village road in rainy season Source Field survey Source Field SurveyIn other hand, another common feature of the rural area is that roads under the villages are directly meet with the internal highway. This common feature indicates positive aspect of village road network in Malda district. In Malda district, keeping in view the socio economic benefits accruing from providing road connectivity to the villages, there is a need to impart greater confuse to providing road connectivity. So government launched the Pradhan Mantri gram Sadak Yojna (P MGSY) in different blocks in Malda, with the objective of providing road connectivity through good all weather roads to all dislocated habitations.Landuse pattern of three freehanded physiographic divisions in Malda district The differences in cross regional landuse pattern across the Tal, Barind and Diara reflect the selfsame(prenominal) set of settlement intensities, agrarian features and coarse constraints. fit to 2001 census, landuse patterns of Malda district are as follows- agricultureUSE PATTERN OF THREE BROAD PHYSIGRAPHIC DIVISIONS IN MALDA DISTRICT Divisions Landuse in hectares Homestead land Orchards & Pasture land Culturable wasteland lettuce cropped area Net irrigated area Multi cropped area Tal 4712 140 213 92373 16528 68426Barind 3717 161 262 109539 9563 32751Diara 7176 134 196 78098 8480 38225Source Census 2001homestead LAND distribution ORCHARDS & PASTURE LAND DISTRIBUTIONCULTURABLE WASTELAND DISTRIBUTION utmost CROPPED AREA DISTRIBUTIONNET IRRIGATED DISTRIB UTION MULTI CROPPED AREA DISTRIBUTIONIn the Diara where settlement densities and regional land pressures are the highest, the quantum of land used for homestead purpose is almost as high as the sum of homestead lands in the Tal and Barind. The extremity of Culturable wastelands available for potential future finale in the Diara is correspondingly low. However, while the Net Cropped world (NCA) is highest in the Barind, the irrigation and multi cropping intensity here is relatively low. Thus unlike the Tal where virtually all verdant lands are multi cropped, a large portion of farming operations in the Barind are carried out on monocrop land. Cropping intensity in Diara for entirely different reasons, this has to do with the seasonal flooding and region experiences, as a result of which bucolic land becomes inaccessible for a certain part of the year. In recent times, the spread of mango cultivation, brinjal cultivation, chestnut cultivation etc. across the Diara has also been a factor in reducing cropping intensity.Fig 14 Canal irrigation in Harischandrapur Fig 15 Irrigation through shallow machine Source Field survey Source Field surveyGenerally the main base of irrigation is rainwater. Others irrigation facilities like canal, shallow machines are also found in some part of Tal region like Harischandrapur. Due to these facilities, artless lands are mainly multi cropped as well as cropping intensity is also high in Tal region than Barind and Diara region. The cropping intensity of Tal region is about 205% where 156% in Barind region and 167% in Diara region.Rural economy with relation to land-use pattern and daily habits of the rural habitants Rural economy is directly related with the livelihood pattern of this particular region. The differing characteristics in rural settlements and their habitant have seen across in Malda district come along directly related to livelihood pattern and work opportunities in different sub regions. Work participation is highest in Diara which has the highest assiduity of settlement. However, the livelihood stress caused by fast growth of district population against a limited land resource base means that work participation grade are well below 50% in all three regions of the district, and are lowest in Tal region at just under 37%. to from each one one worker in the Tal thus has to put up an average of 1.7 dependents, against 1.4 dependents in Barind regions and 1.2 in the Diara.According to 2001 census, in Tal and Barind region almost 75% of rural battalion are assiduous in sylvan activities. Household Industries are mainly concentrated on Kaliachak I and Kaliachak III. Almost 50% people in total workers are engage in Household industry activities. In other hand, in Old Malda, Englishbazar, Kaliachak I and Kaliachak II, almost 50% people are engaged in other economic activities. So, mainly rural economy depends on bucolic activities. Outside, the Barind region, therefore, land scarci ty is a major problem in the district. awkward and in Tal and Diara regions is mostly irrigated and already intensively cropped and cultivated. The compass of generating supererogatory employment for the landmass in agricultural sector in this region has become progressively limited since each hectare of tilled land in Tal and Barind blocks already engages mingled with 2-4 agriculture on the average. In the Barind where the land situation is untold prosperous, most farmland is mono cropped because of terrain factor, low water table and resulting difficulty in providing in adjuvant irrigation on such lands to generate additional work opportunities in agriculture. Consequently, the district is now poised for a major transmutation of workers from cultivation to non agricultural sector.Impact of physical environments on land use of the villages Physical environments directly affect on land use pattern of the villages. In Malda district, the flat coats of the Barind regions are hard silty clays of a ruby hue that has developed through the sesquioxides. constituent(a) resi payables in this soil are exceedingly de dispassionate, leading to no acidic soil pH at takes as low as 6.8 in the Barind tracts of Malda. Organic speed of light content is also generally low at 0.54% in these Malda tracts, as a result of which overall soil fruitfulness remains at modest level under unirrigated conditions. Since the undulating terrain in the Barind promotes a clean amount of runoff and the hard impermeable clayey Barind soil permit weensy percolation, most of the monsoon runoff accumulates in the large natural bills or pools in the ravines create by the courses of the Tangan and Punarvava rivers, covering the low lands here until long after the monsoon is over.Spanning Manikchak, Kaliachak I, II, III and Englishbazar blocks within the district, the Diara is relatively well defined flatland organize by the fluvial deposition of newer alluvium in the transitional zone between the Barind upland and marshy Tal tracts. The Tal is mostly composed of Bog lands formed in mainly marshy pockets around vestigial inland drainages. Consequently, Tal is strewn with innumerable marshes, bils and oxbow lakes.The uplands of Barind gradually slope downwardly towards the north-east and north of Malda district in the region lying beyond the Mahananda. The sise development blocks situated here. They are move by the Mahananda to their east, by the Ganga to west and the river Kalindri to the south. Since the tract is bounded by the river, soil conditions better considerably, providing favourable for mango orchard and for the cultivation for jute and several other kharif and Rabi crops.However although the geophysical situation of the Tal is relatively favourable compared to that of the Barind. existence the largest of three sub regions, the Barind also has the largest number of habitation. However, these are widely dispersed and their populations are smalle r. The reasons for the lower scale of human settlement in Barind lie in its tractor trailer arid and water deprived character, with upland soils that supports a lower intensity of cultivation. conversely the Tal and Diara, which are better endowed with water and also with fertile sedimented soils, have support more diversified cultivation, more work related migration, and greater intensities of human settlement, which is reflected specially in the Diara by higher maleness within the regional population.Cross regional differences also occur in agricultural yields across the Tal, Barind and Diara, which reflect intrinsic differences in soil quality, water availability and land husbanding practices. Except for the yields of the main aman rice that grows in rainfed condition over the monsoon months, agricultural yields are uniformly higher in the well watered Tal region. Again the yields overall for the Barind is genuinely a consequence of the vast extent of land cultivated during th e rainfed aman season when differences in crop yields across the three regions are minimal.Major findings* Common feature in the most of the rural area in the Malda district is courtyard base rural houses. This is in the centre houses are built up around this courtyard. * In the Malda district, rural settlements are mainly semi-compact and disperse type. * In rural area, people build their houses with the alleviate of locally available materials. Their houses patterns depend on both their economic condition and the physical condition. * In Malda district, keeping in view the socio economic benefits accruing from providing road connectivity to the villages, there is a need to impart greater pig out to providing road connectivity. In rural area of Malda district, both metalled and unmettaled roads are found. * The landuse patterns are different in different physiographic divisions in Malda district. Homestead lands are well distributed in Diara tracts, where In Barind region, orchar ds and pasture lands, net cropped area and Culturable wastelands are well distributed. On the other hand, irrigation facilities and multi cropped area are well distributed in Tal region.* The rural work participation judge are highest in Kaliachak I block. In other Kaliachak blocks, Harischandrapur II, work participation rates exceeds uniformly but WPR is very low in Englishbazar, Manikchak, old Malda and other blocks of Tal regions. * generally rural economy depends on agricultural activities. Majority of rural people in Tal and Barind region are engaged in agricultural activities. Household industries are mainly concentrated on Kaliachak I and III blocks. In other hand, in Englishbazar, Manikchak, Kaliachak II and old Malda blocks, half of the worker people engage in other economic activities.* In Barind region, overall soil birthrate remains at modest level under unirrigated condition. Upland of Barind is bounded by the river, soil condition improving considerably, providing f avourable for mango orchards, and for the cultivation for jute and several others kharif and Rabi crops. * In the Tal and Diara region have supported more diversified cultivation due to fertile sediment soil. These conditions occur more work related migration and greater intensities of rural settlements which reflect on Diara by higher masculinity. * rude yield in Tal, Diara and Barind regions differ due to intrinsic differences in the soil, availability of water and land husbanding practices. Agricultural yields are uniformly higher in Tal region.ConclusionMalda district is mainly lower part of the Gangetic plain as well as southern part of the North Bengal plain. The three broad subregions can be defined physiographically within Malda district like Tal, Diara and Barind. The village economy of the Malda district is based on agricultural activities, orchards etc. Agricultural features of Malda district depends on monsoon climate. Irrigation facilities are also available in the Mal da district. Major portion of agricultural lands in Malda district are multi cropped. Traditional houses pattern in rural area has been changed by the economy. All over morphology of the rural areas are almost similar to each other in three physiographic regions. Agricultural crops are mainly jute, paddy and wheat. mango tree orchards spread large portion of the Malda district. Rural houses types are almost similar all over the Malda district. But in the case of livelihood pattern, some regional variations are followed.In Tal and Barind region, large number of people engages in agricultural activities, on the other hand household industries and other economic activities are developed in Diara region. In rural area of Malda district, half of the people have engaged in agricultural activities which indicate the agriculture based rural economy. At present time, government has interpreted some steps for development of rural area in Malda district like Pradhan Mantri Gram Sarok Yojna Ja tio Gramin Kormosangsthan Prokolpo etc. this kind of check control the morphology of rural settlements in Malda district. Another feature of village area in Malda district is that some tribal people have been lived in bang of the villages. This tribal people are not permanent, they are come at a particular time of the year for some work and after finish their work, they go back. In my study, In Harischandrapur block, this kind of quid has been showed. So at a glance, rural morphology in Malda district is much diversified.References* Bylund, E., Theoretical Considerations regarding the Distribution of Settlement in Inner North Sweden in Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 42, No. 4, Advance and Retreat of Rural Settlement papers of the Siljan Symposium at the XIX th International Geographical Congress (1960), pp. 225-231. * Desai, A. R. (1961), Rural India in Transition. Popular Book Dept., Bombay, 1961. * Doxiadis, C. A. (1969) Ekistics, An attempt for a Scientific Approach to the Problem s of pitying Settlements in Science and Technology and the Cities (eds.), committee on Science and Astronautics, U. S. House of Representatives Washington, D. C., U. S. Govt., p. 9. * Ghosh, S., cornerstone to Settlement Geography. Orient BlackSwan, 2008. * Mandal,R. B., Introduction to Rural Settlement. Concept Publishing Company, 2009. * Mukerji, A. B., Rural Settlements of the Chandigarh Siwalik Hills (India) A Morphogenetic Analysis in Geografiska Annaler. Series B, gentlemans gentleman Geography, Vol. 58, No.2 (1976), pp. 95-115. * Siddique, A., Rajbongshi, B., An Analytical Study on image and Analysis of Stabilised Rural roads in Proceeding of the Eastern Asia alliance for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, pp. 813-828, 2005. * Singh, R. Y., Geography of Settlement. Rawat Publication, 1994.